The notion that a quantum computer might someday break bitcoin is quickly gaining ground. That’s because quantum computers are becoming powerful enough to factor large prime numbers, a critical component of bitcoin’s public key cryptography. Quantum computers rely on what is known as Shor’s algorithm to achieve this feat. Shor’s algorithm dramatically shortens the time required to solve factorization problems. It's also tailor-made for quantum computing, as it exploits the "superposition" of states used in quantum computing.
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