Even though its causes have been unclear, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) has been described as a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Affecting 2–5% of women of reproductive age, PMDD is like PMS in that it follows a predictable, cyclic pattern. Yet PMDD, which is marked by disabling irritability, sadness, and anxiety, is associated with unusual sensitivity to fluctuations in sex hormones. This sensitivity has motivated researchers to focus on PMDD’s potential biological drivers, rather than on psychological or cultural phenomena.
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